“Future” is a word that fulfill with unknown and mystery. People are exploring a path of their own future. Everyone on their future is full of expectation and hope. Everyone has their own plans for their future life. Now they are working hard to realize the plans for their future life.
Maybe some people would like to have their own families and children first. However, to me I would like to first have a good and stable job before I start my own family. I always thought a good job is a prerequisite for people to create their own family. When I was still a child, I was started to think about my future. My dream is to have my own business. Food is the most important thing for human. Whether rich or poor people, they all need to eat. Therefore, prepare food and open a business about food is the best make money idea in my head. My dream job is open my own restaurant. My family and I can work together to take care the restaurant. If a restaurant can provide good quality of food, then people will most likely go there and eat there.
College is a step leading to a better future. College is the first place that people need to go if they want to achieve their dream. First thing I need to do is to enhance enough knowledge and experiences. To achieve my dream first thing I need to do is enhance enough knowledge and experiences. College is my first place need to go. In the college I will learn different things and meet different people. The things l learned in college can help me to find a job and build up some of my basic skills. For people I met with, they can give me more and more experiences of their lives. These examples can help me find short cuts to reach my goal. Right now I am working hard to get my college degree, and that can help me reach my goal easily.
In college I will learn a lot of things about business, and that will help me to be a more successful person. This class taught me many things about business and government’s policies about business. Honest is one of the most important things in business. If people want to have a good relationship with their consumer, they must be honest and trust others.
After I retired I will decide to go back to my hometown which is China. I hope I can find a house that would have a good location and is a comfortable house to live in. Then I can fully enjoy my retirement with my family and my parents. I hope my children can still keep running the restaurant. They can keep providing good quality of food and let people have more chooses to eat. It is my dream and also my goal, I hope I can let it become true.
2010年5月11日星期二
Chapter 21: The Future of the Business Firm
The demonstrated ability of the business corporation to gradually adapt to shifting political, social, and economic forces is the key to its continuiing strength and resilience.
The corporation is likely to continue to be the dominant way of organizing economic activity in the developed wourld through the twenty-first century
Responding to a variety of new influences, the business corporation has gone through three stages of development: from the simple, competitve classical model of the nineteenth century to the managerial model of the first half of the twentieth century to the social environment model characteristic of the second halp of the twentieth century.
Three Models of Business Organization
The classical market model, in large measure the original concept of business organization, was based primarily on the British economy of the nineteenth century.
The managerial model was the next major development in terms of the fundamental approach to the organization and functioning of the business firm
The social environment model is the most recent of the three approaches to business behavior.
The Continuing Debate Over Government Authority and Private Power
In the broad sweep of American history, the transcendent ideological debate has been between the jeffersonian and Hamiltonian approaches to democracy: centralizing or decentralizing the location of power in society.
A New Policy Climate
A new policy climate for business may be takinig shape in the early twenty first century. It is an external environment less hospitable than that existing during the administration of Ronald Reagan.
source: Business and Government in the Global Marketplace (7 edition Murray L. Weidenbaum)
The corporation is likely to continue to be the dominant way of organizing economic activity in the developed wourld through the twenty-first century
Responding to a variety of new influences, the business corporation has gone through three stages of development: from the simple, competitve classical model of the nineteenth century to the managerial model of the first half of the twentieth century to the social environment model characteristic of the second halp of the twentieth century.
Three Models of Business Organization
The classical market model, in large measure the original concept of business organization, was based primarily on the British economy of the nineteenth century.
The managerial model was the next major development in terms of the fundamental approach to the organization and functioning of the business firm
The social environment model is the most recent of the three approaches to business behavior.
The Continuing Debate Over Government Authority and Private Power
In the broad sweep of American history, the transcendent ideological debate has been between the jeffersonian and Hamiltonian approaches to democracy: centralizing or decentralizing the location of power in society.
A New Policy Climate
A new policy climate for business may be takinig shape in the early twenty first century. It is an external environment less hospitable than that existing during the administration of Ronald Reagan.
source: Business and Government in the Global Marketplace (7 edition Murray L. Weidenbaum)
Chapter 20: Challenges to Corporate Governance
The governance of corporations in the United States is regulated primarily by the requirements contained in state corporation statutes.
To many traditional critics of business, the managements of large corporations are oligarchies, responsible to no one buy themselves.
California Public Employees' Retirement System(Calpers)
The Role of the outdie directors:
1.Adopt a more stringent definition of independent director.
2.The chairman should be an outside director
3.No director should serve on more than three boards
4.A formal program, in addition to the annual meeting, should be set for sharehoulders to communicate with directors.
There are many changes now occurring in corporate governance, both on a compulsory and on a voluntary basis. The evolutionary pattern, which has been the experience in the United States over the years, also mirrors the satus of the common law that governs much of business activity in the United States and United Kingdom.
source: Business and Government in the Global Marketplace (7 edition Murray L. Weidenbaum)
To many traditional critics of business, the managements of large corporations are oligarchies, responsible to no one buy themselves.
California Public Employees' Retirement System(Calpers)
The Role of the outdie directors:
1.Adopt a more stringent definition of independent director.
2.The chairman should be an outside director
3.No director should serve on more than three boards
4.A formal program, in addition to the annual meeting, should be set for sharehoulders to communicate with directors.
There are many changes now occurring in corporate governance, both on a compulsory and on a voluntary basis. The evolutionary pattern, which has been the experience in the United States over the years, also mirrors the satus of the common law that governs much of business activity in the United States and United Kingdom.
source: Business and Government in the Global Marketplace (7 edition Murray L. Weidenbaum)
Chapter 19: Business Participation in Politics
Corporations can participate legally in a wide cariety of political activities. Federal law governs only political activities involving candidates for president, vice president, and congress.
For example,a corporation may encourage its employees and stockholder to register and vote, but it may not recommend to employees how they shoild vote.
Soft money payments made directly to a political party were exempt from the federal limits on the size of indvidual contributions because ostensibly the money was not going into the campaign of a specific candidate.
The greater the importance of government to a firm's operations, the greater the likely scope and magnitude of its involvement in political acticity
The largest donations to the state Democratic Party come from labor unions and trial lawyers. The major Republican contributions are real estate and securities firms and health professionals.
source: Business and Government in the Global Marketplace (7 edition Murray L. Weidenbaum)
For example,a corporation may encourage its employees and stockholder to register and vote, but it may not recommend to employees how they shoild vote.
Soft money payments made directly to a political party were exempt from the federal limits on the size of indvidual contributions because ostensibly the money was not going into the campaign of a specific candidate.
The greater the importance of government to a firm's operations, the greater the likely scope and magnitude of its involvement in political acticity
The largest donations to the state Democratic Party come from labor unions and trial lawyers. The major Republican contributions are real estate and securities firms and health professionals.
source: Business and Government in the Global Marketplace (7 edition Murray L. Weidenbaum)
Chapter 18: Issues Management
The widely used term issues management is a misnomer.
Refers to a far more modest and relevant undertaking: managing the company's responses to key public-policy issues affecting its markets, sales, profitability, and internal operations.
The Public-Policy Process
Developmental Stage
Politicization Stage
Legislative Stage
Implementation Stage
Fice basic elements provide the framework for the typical corporate issuesmanagement program:
1. Identifying public-policy issues and trends
2. Evaluating their impact and ranking them by priority to the company.
3. Establishing a company position on the high-priority issues.
4. Designing company actions and responses to help achieve the desired outcome.
5. Carrying out the planned actions
Identifying and responding to specific-publicy issues that strongly affect private business is a difficult and challenging assignment. Given the increasing globalization of business and the continuing expansion of the range of govermental interests, the likelihood that those challenges will continue, if not acclerate, is very high. Asone government affairs executive atated. "Our workload has increased through several presidencies. the next presidency will prove no different.
source: Business and Government in the Global Marketplace (7 edition Murray L. Weidenbaum)
Refers to a far more modest and relevant undertaking: managing the company's responses to key public-policy issues affecting its markets, sales, profitability, and internal operations.
The Public-Policy Process
Developmental Stage
Politicization Stage
Legislative Stage
Implementation Stage
Fice basic elements provide the framework for the typical corporate issuesmanagement program:
1. Identifying public-policy issues and trends
2. Evaluating their impact and ranking them by priority to the company.
3. Establishing a company position on the high-priority issues.
4. Designing company actions and responses to help achieve the desired outcome.
5. Carrying out the planned actions
Identifying and responding to specific-publicy issues that strongly affect private business is a difficult and challenging assignment. Given the increasing globalization of business and the continuing expansion of the range of govermental interests, the likelihood that those challenges will continue, if not acclerate, is very high. Asone government affairs executive atated. "Our workload has increased through several presidencies. the next presidency will prove no different.
source: Business and Government in the Global Marketplace (7 edition Murray L. Weidenbaum)
Chapter 17:Bsiness - Government Relations
Senior corporate executives often list four extrnal areas that take substantial share of their time:
1. Meeting with elected officials, say, to discuss specific provisions of a tax bill schedulaed for hearings and likely passage - or to oppose a pending reduction in the loans to business by the export -- import bank.
2. Carrying on a dialogue with regulatory personnel - -in the EPA, FDA, OSHA and so on, depending on the products the company produces and the markets in which it is active.
3. Maintaining relations with the corporation's various constituencies - employees, suppliers, shareholders, unions, local civic organizations, and a bewildering cariety of public-interest groups
4. Overseeing the company's communications with the public, including a substantial amount of time spent in speech making to business, academic, and professional societies.
In gereral, three primary functions are performed by company offices located in Washington,D.C., and other capitals
1.Supplying information to the home office on actions taken or contemplated by government.
2.Assisting in obtaining government contracts.
3.Providing representation before legislative and regulatory bodies.
Government Relations
Trade associations interpret government actions and attitudes toward business, and vice versa.
Interaction with State Governments
Many developments emphasize the role of state governements as regulators of private business.
source: Business and Government in the Global Marketplace (7 edition Murray L. Weidenbaum)
1. Meeting with elected officials, say, to discuss specific provisions of a tax bill schedulaed for hearings and likely passage - or to oppose a pending reduction in the loans to business by the export -- import bank.
2. Carrying on a dialogue with regulatory personnel - -in the EPA, FDA, OSHA and so on, depending on the products the company produces and the markets in which it is active.
3. Maintaining relations with the corporation's various constituencies - employees, suppliers, shareholders, unions, local civic organizations, and a bewildering cariety of public-interest groups
4. Overseeing the company's communications with the public, including a substantial amount of time spent in speech making to business, academic, and professional societies.
In gereral, three primary functions are performed by company offices located in Washington,D.C., and other capitals
1.Supplying information to the home office on actions taken or contemplated by government.
2.Assisting in obtaining government contracts.
3.Providing representation before legislative and regulatory bodies.
Government Relations
Trade associations interpret government actions and attitudes toward business, and vice versa.
Interaction with State Governments
Many developments emphasize the role of state governements as regulators of private business.
source: Business and Government in the Global Marketplace (7 edition Murray L. Weidenbaum)
Chapter 16: Business and Tax Policy
The four approaches to tax reform analyzed in this chapter - the flat tax, the USA tax, the national sales tax, and the value-added tax - are all variations on th same theme. All would shift the base of federal taxation from income to consumption and also simplify the process of complying with tax law.proponents of consumption taxation beliefe that, from a macroeconomic viewpoint, each of the four alternatives, by explanding the pool of saving, would increase the rate of capital investment in the economy and thus enhance the prospects for economic growth. in ture, faster economic growth would raise employment opprtunities and living standards and also increase the flow of revenues into the U.S. Treasury.
Some tax analysts believe that some combination of the four approaches to consumption taxation is likely to emerge.
One of the continuing shortcomings of tax policy is that, like other areas of government, decisions tend to be made in isolation, ignoring the impacts of other governmental policies.
source: Business and Government in the Global Marketplace (7 edition Murray L. Weidenbaum)
Some tax analysts believe that some combination of the four approaches to consumption taxation is likely to emerge.
One of the continuing shortcomings of tax policy is that, like other areas of government, decisions tend to be made in isolation, ignoring the impacts of other governmental policies.
source: Business and Government in the Global Marketplace (7 edition Murray L. Weidenbaum)
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